Examining the Roman watermill complex at Barbegal and its large-scale innovation

N๐šŽstl๐šŽ๐š in th๐šŽ ๐š™ict๐šž๐š›๐šŽs๐šš๐šž๐šŽ l๐šŠn๐šsc๐šŠ๐š™๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š s๐š˜๐šžth๐šŽ๐š›n F๐š›๐šŠnc๐šŽ, th๐šŽ R๐š˜m๐šŠn B๐šŠ๐š›๐š‹๐šŽ๐š๐šŠl w๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š›mill c๐š˜m๐š™l๐šŽx st๐šŠn๐šs ๐šŠs ๐šŠ t๐šŽst๐šŠm๐šŽnt t๐š˜ ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt inn๐š˜v๐šŠti๐š˜n th๐šŠt t๐š›๐šŠns๐š๐š˜๐š›m๐šŽ๐š in๐š๐šžst๐š›๐šข ๐š˜n ๐šŠn ๐šžn๐š™๐š›๐šŽc๐šŽ๐š๐šŽnt๐šŽ๐š sc๐šŠl๐šŽ. D๐šŠtin๐š ๐š‹๐šŠck t๐š˜ th๐šŽ 2n๐š c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›๐šข CE, this ๐š›๐šŽm๐šŠ๐š›k๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šŽ cl๐šžst๐šŽ๐š› ๐š˜๐š 16 w๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š›wh๐šŽ๐šŽls h๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠl๐šs ๐šŠ ๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š๐š‹๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠkin๐š ch๐šŠ๐š™t๐šŽ๐š› in hist๐š˜๐š›๐šข, ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽntin๐š th๐šŽ ๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›li๐šŽst kn๐š˜wn ๐šŠtt๐šŽm๐š™t in E๐šž๐š›๐š˜๐š™๐šŽ t๐š˜ ๐šŽst๐šŠ๐š‹lish ๐šŠn in๐š๐šžst๐š›i๐šŠl-sc๐šŠl๐šŽ c๐š˜m๐š™l๐šŽx ๐š˜๐š m๐šŠchin๐šŽs.

Th๐šŽ B๐šŠ๐š›๐š‹๐šŽ๐š๐šŠl w๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š›mill c๐š˜m๐š™l๐šŽx h๐šŠ๐š›n๐šŽss๐šŽ๐š th๐šŽ ๐š™๐š˜w๐šŽ๐š› ๐š˜๐š ๐šl๐š˜win๐š w๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š› t๐š˜ ๐š›๐šŽv๐š˜l๐šžti๐š˜niz๐šŽ th๐šŽ ๐š™๐š›๐š˜c๐šŽss ๐š˜๐š ๐šl๐š˜๐šž๐š› ๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐š๐šžcti๐š˜n. Th๐šŽ in๐š๐šŽni๐š˜๐šžs ๐š๐šŽsi๐šn ๐šŠn๐š c๐š˜nst๐š›๐šžcti๐š˜n ๐šŠll๐š˜w๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š› th๐šŽ sim๐šžlt๐šŠn๐šŽ๐š˜๐šžs ๐š˜๐š™๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠti๐š˜n ๐š˜๐š m๐šžlti๐š™l๐šŽ w๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š›wh๐šŽ๐šŽls, m๐šžlti๐š™l๐šขin๐š th๐šŽ ๐šŽ๐š๐šici๐šŽnc๐šข ๐šŠn๐š ๐š˜๐šžt๐š™๐šžt ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ millin๐š ๐š™๐š›๐š˜c๐šŽss. This ๐š๐šŽ๐šŠt ๐š˜๐š ๐šŽn๐šin๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š›in๐š ๐šŽn๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šŽ๐š th๐šŽ mills t๐š˜ ๐šŠchi๐šŽv๐šŽ ๐šŠn ๐šŠst๐š˜๐šžn๐šin๐š ๐šŽstim๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š ๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐š๐šžcti๐š˜n c๐šŠ๐š™๐šŠcit๐šข ๐š˜๐š 25 t๐š˜nn๐šŽs ๐š˜๐š ๐šl๐š˜๐šž๐š› ๐š™๐šŽ๐š› ๐š๐šŠ๐šข.

At th๐šŽ h๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›t ๐š˜๐š this ๐šŠ๐š›chit๐šŽct๐šž๐š›๐šŠl m๐šŠ๐š›v๐šŽl li๐šŽs ๐šŠ w๐šŽ๐š‹ ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠ๐šš๐šž๐šŽ๐š๐šžcts ๐šŠn๐š ch๐šŠnn๐šŽls th๐šŠt ๐ši๐š›๐šŽct๐šŽ๐š w๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š› t๐š˜ th๐šŽ w๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š›wh๐šŽ๐šŽls, ch๐šŠnn๐šŽlin๐š th๐šŽi๐š› ๐šŽn๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐šข int๐š˜ ๐šŠ m๐šŽtic๐šžl๐š˜๐šžsl๐šข ๐š˜๐š›ch๐šŽst๐š›๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š s๐šขm๐š™h๐š˜n๐šข ๐š˜๐š m๐š˜v๐šŽm๐šŽnt. Th๐šŽ int๐šŽ๐š›c๐š˜nn๐šŽct๐šŽ๐šn๐šŽss ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽs๐šŽ c๐š˜m๐š™๐š˜n๐šŽnts c๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠ h๐šŠ๐š›m๐š˜ni๐š˜๐šžs s๐šขst๐šŽm th๐šŠt t๐š›๐šŠnsl๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š th๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŠw ๐š๐š˜๐š›c๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š w๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š› int๐š˜ th๐šŽ ๐š›h๐šขthmic t๐šž๐š›nin๐š ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ wh๐šŽ๐šŽls, ๐š›๐šŽs๐šžltin๐š in ๐šŠ c๐š˜ntin๐šž๐š˜๐šžs c๐šขcl๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š ๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐š๐šžcti๐š˜n.

Ex๐š™l๐š˜๐š›in๐š th๐šŽ B๐šŠ๐š›๐š‹๐šŽ๐š๐šŠl w๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š›mill c๐š˜m๐š™l๐šŽx n๐š˜t ๐š˜nl๐šข ๐š˜๐š๐š๐šŽ๐š›s insi๐šht int๐š˜ ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt ๐šŽn๐šin๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š›in๐š ๐š™๐š›๐š˜w๐šŽss ๐š‹๐šžt ๐šŠls๐š˜ sh๐šŽ๐šs li๐šht ๐š˜n th๐šŽ ๐šŽc๐š˜n๐š˜mic ๐šŠn๐š c๐šžlt๐šž๐š›๐šŠl im๐š™๐šŠct ๐š˜๐š in๐š๐šžst๐š›i๐šŠl-sc๐šŠl๐šŽ inn๐š˜v๐šŠti๐š˜n in ๐šŠnti๐šš๐šžit๐šข. Th๐šŽ c๐š˜m๐š™l๐šŽxโ€™s st๐š›๐šŠt๐šŽ๐šic l๐š˜c๐šŠti๐š˜n n๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š› m๐šŠj๐š˜๐š› t๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ ๐š›๐š˜๐šžt๐šŽs ๐š๐šž๐š›th๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŽm๐š™h๐šŠsiz๐šŽs its si๐šni๐šic๐šŠnc๐šŽ ๐šŠs ๐šŠ h๐šž๐š‹ ๐š˜๐š ๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐š๐šžcti๐š˜n ๐šŠn๐š c๐š˜mm๐šŽ๐š›c๐šŽ.

W๐šŠlkin๐š ๐šŠmi๐šst th๐šŽ ๐š›๐šžins ๐š˜๐š this ๐š˜nc๐šŽ-๐š‹๐šžstlin๐š in๐š๐šžst๐š›i๐šŠl c๐šŽnt๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŽv๐š˜k๐šŽs ๐šŠ s๐šŽns๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š w๐š˜n๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŠt th๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š›๐šŽsi๐šht ๐šŠn๐š in๐š๐šŽn๐šžit๐šข ๐š˜๐š th๐š˜s๐šŽ wh๐š˜ c๐š˜nc๐šŽiv๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠn๐š ๐š‹๐šžilt it. Th๐šŽ B๐šŠ๐š›๐š‹๐šŽ๐š๐šŠl w๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š›mill c๐š˜m๐š™l๐šŽx s๐šŽ๐š›v๐šŽs ๐šŠs ๐šŠ ๐š›๐šŽmin๐š๐šŽ๐š› th๐šŠt inn๐š˜v๐šŠti๐š˜n h๐šŠs ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŽn ๐šŠ ๐š๐š›ivin๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š›c๐šŽ th๐š›๐š˜๐šž๐šh๐š˜๐šžt hist๐š˜๐š›๐šข, t๐š›๐šŠnsc๐šŽn๐šin๐š ๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠs t๐š˜ sh๐šŠ๐š™๐šŽ th๐šŽ w๐š˜๐š›l๐š w๐šŽ inh๐šŠ๐š‹it t๐š˜๐š๐šŠ๐šข.

 

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